Izindinganiso ze-Passive House (PH) ziye zathuthuka kakhulu kusukela zatholwa yi-Passive House Institute (PHI) eDarmstadt, eJalimane. Lokhu kwaqala njengemodeli eyodwa ecacile sekukhule kakhulu kube nezigaba ezihlukahlukene zokusebenza ezihlelwe ngezimo zezulu ezahlukene, izinhlobo zokwakha, nezinsiza zamandla. Le ntuthuko ibonisa ubunzima obukhulayo kanye nezinhloso eziphakeme zokwakhiwa kwezindlu ezisebenzisa amandla amancane, ngenkathi kugcinwa imigomo eyisisekelo yokungena komoya, comfort thermal, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla.

Kusuka ku-Classics kuya ku-Plus nasePremium

Izindinganiso zokuqala ze-Passive House—manje ezibizwa ngokuthi "Classic" PH standard—zagxila ezibalweni ezimbalwa ezibalulekile: isidingo sokushisa nokupholisa, ukungena komoya, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphelele. Lezi zindinganiso zibeke umkhawulo wezindlu ezisebenza kahle kakhulu:

• Umthwalo wokushisa noma wokupholisa ≤ 10 W/m², noma
• Isidingo sokushisa noma sokupholisa sonyaka ≤ 15 kWh/m²
• Ukungena komoya ≤ 0.6 ACH50
• Isidingo se-Primary Energy Renewable (PER) ≤ 60 kWh/m²/ngonyaka

Njengoba ukuqonda kwethu ngezinhlelo zamandla kuthuthuka futhi amandla avuselelekayo eba lula ukufinyelela, i-PHI yethule izigaba ezimbili ezintsha:

• PH Plus: Isidingo se-PER ≤ 45 kWh/m²/ngonyaka, futhi ≥ 60 kWh/m²/ngonyaka yokukhiqiza evuselelekayo endaweni
• PH Premium: Isidingo se-PER ≤ 30 kWh/m²/ngonyaka, futhi ≥ 120 kWh/m²/ngonyaka yokukhiqiza evuselelekayo endaweni

Lezi zigaba ezintsha zikhuthaza izakhiwo ukuba zingabi nje nokusebenza kahle kwamandla, kodwa futhi zibe nokukhiqiza amandla—zikhomba indlela yokusebenza kwe-net-zero yangempela.

EnerPHit: Izindinganiso Zezinhlelo Zokubuyisela

Ukubuyisela izakhiwo ezikhona ukuze zifinyelele ezingeni le-Passive House kubeka izinselelo ezihlukile—ikakhulukazi ekwenzeni izakhiwo ezindala zibe ne-air-tight futhi zikhululekile ezindaweni ezishisayo. Ukuze kubhekwe lokhu, i-PHI ithuthukise i-EnerPHit standard, enezindlela ezimbili zokuhambisana:

1. Indlela ye-Component: Sebenzisa izingxenye ezivunyelwe yi-PHI eziklanyelwe izifunda zezulu ezithile (ezingu-7 zizonke, zisuka e-Arctic ziye ezishisayo kakhulu).
2. Indlela ye-Demand-Based: Hlangabezana nezidingo zokusetshenziswa kwamandla nokuba ne-air-tight efana ne-standard ye-Classic, kodwa ilungiswe ngezimo ezikhona (isb., isidingo sokushisa phakathi kuka-15–35 kWh/m²/ngonyaka kanye ne-air-tight ≤ 1.0 ACH50).

Imininingwane ethile yesimo sezulu ifaka phakathi imikhawulo yokuwina ilanga (isb., 100 kWh/m² yendawo yefasitela ezindaweni zokupholisa) kanye nezidingo zembala yendawo ezakhiweni ezindaweni ezishisayo, lapho imikhiqizo yokukhanya "cool" ivame ukufunwa.

PHIUS: Indlela Yesifunda yeNyakatho Melika

Ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic, i-Passive House Institute US (PHIUS) ithuthukise indlela yayo. Iphothula ukuthi i-standard eyodwa yomhlaba wonke ayisebenzi kuzo zonke izimo zezulu, i-PHIUS yakha izinhloso zokusebenza ezithile zesimo sezulu, ezihlelwe ngezindleko usebenzisa i-BEOPT (ithuluzi leMnyango Wezamandla lase-US). Lezi zinhloso—ezihlanganisa ~1,000 zezindawo eNyakatho Melika—zifaka:

• Izinsiza zokushisa/ukupholisa zonyaka neziphezulu
• Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kokushisa usebenzisa i-WUFI Passive
• Ukuqina okuqinile: ≤ 0.08 CFM75/ft² yendawo ye-envelope

Zonke izinhlelo ezivunyelwe ze-PHIUS+ nazo zihlolwa ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi, kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenza kuqinisekiswa ngesikhathi sokwakha.

Ukuguqulwa eSweden naseMhlabeni Jikelele

Amanye amazwe akhe izindinganiso ezikhiqizwe yi-PH. ESweden, i-Forum for Energy Efficient Building (FEBY) ithuthukise izilinganiso ezithile zendawo. Isibonelo:

• ENingizimu yeSweden ihambisana kakhulu nezincazelo ze-PHI.
• ENorthern Sweden ivumela imithwalo yokushisa ephezulu (kuze kube ku-14 W/m²) nezinga lokushintshana komoya elihambisana nemithetho yendawo, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokuhambisa umoya azithwesi umthwalo omkhulu.

Ezindaweni ezinzima, abaklami kufanele baphendule ngokwengeziwe. Umsebenzi womakhi uThomas Greindl osenyakatho kwe-Arctic Circle—usebenzisa izinsiza zokufaka ezingezona ezokupetroleum nabafundi bezemfundo ukuze basebenze—ukhombisa ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwendawo kanye nokuqeqeshwa okusebenzayo kungenza iPassive House ifinyeleleke futhi ibe ne-ecological.

Izifundo Zomhlaba Nezinqumo Zendawo

Kusukela ezingeni le-Minergie-P laseSwitzerland kuya ezincazelweni ezilungiswe ngokwemvelo ze-PHIUS, ukuvela kweziqinisekiso zePassive House kukhombisa ukuthi imodeli ethi "eyodwa ifanele wonke" ayisebenzi njalo. Izinga elingcono lephrojekthi ngokuvamile lincike ku:

• Isimo sezulu sendawo kanye nomongo wamandla
• Izindlela zokwakha nezinto
• Izinhloso zokusebenza kanye nezimiso zamakhasimende

Ngenkathi uhlaka lwe-PHI luneminyaka emide yokusebenza kanye nokwamukelwa okubanzi emhlabeni jikelele, ukwanda kwezinhlobonhlobo zeziqinisekiso kukhombisa umgomo owabelwe: ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kakhulu ngenkathi kuhanjiswa izakhiwo ezikhululekile, eziqinile, nezilungele ikusasa.

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Noma ngabe uhlela ukulungisa ibhungalow le-1950s noma udala ibhlogo lezakhiwo ezisezingeni eliphezulu, izindinganiso zePassive House eziqhubekayo zinikeza umkhombandlela wokuphumelela okukhuthazayo—okuhambisana, okwenziwe ngocwaningo, futhi okuhlobene nomhlaba jikelele.