Njengoba umthetho we-Passive House wamazwe omhlaba usakazekile usuka eJalimane uye kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba, imibuzo ayinakugwenywa ivela mayelana nokuthi lo mthetho usebenza kanjani ezimweni zokuhlala ezihlukile kulokho okukhona eJalimane, okuyindawo epholile, enomoya opholile. I-Passive House Institute (PHI) ibekezelele ucwaningo oluningi kulolu daba futhi yenza izinguquko lapho kudingeka, njengokwenza kube lula ukujwayela umthetho we-PH ojwayelekile ukuze ubheke isidingo esengeziwe sokukhipha umswakama ezindaweni ezinomswakama. Izinhlangano eziningi nezinhlaka ziye zanikela ucwaningo olunzulu ekwakhiweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezakhiwo ezisebenzisa amandla amancane kakhulu ezindaweni ezahlukene zokuhlala. Emazweni ambalwa, izidingo ze-Passive House ezihlelwe kahle ziye zathuthukiswa njengokuphendula ezinkathazweni mayelana nokuthi umthetho we-PH wamazwe omhlaba ufinyelela kanjani ezimweni zokuhlala.

Ngaphandle kwalokhu kukhathazeka, ukuqonda kwemigomo ye-Passive House, eyakhelwe ngokuqinile emiphumeleni yokwakha, kubalulekile ekwakhiweni noma ekuthuthukisweni kwezakhiwo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Impela, njengoba indlela ye-PH isakazekile emhlabeni jikelele, ibuyisele ingxoxo mayelana nokuthi yini engafinyelelwa ngephakethe elisebenza kahle kakhulu. Izakhiwo ze-Passive House ezakhiwe ezindaweni zokuhlala ezihlukahlukene—ikakhulukazi lezo ezibhekwa futhi imiphumela yazo iphumelele—zinikeza ubufakazi obungenakuphikiswa bokuphumelela kwalesi simo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, cishe noma iyiphi iphrojekthi ye-PH—ikakhulukazi lezo ezakhiwe ngochwepheshe be-PH abaqala—ingabhekwa ngokuthile njengokuhlola kwesayensi yokwakha, futhi ochwepheshe abanamava kakhulu endaweni ethile banikeza imibono ewusizo kubaklami abasha.

Izixazululo zeMediTeraNian Climate

UMicheel Wassouf, umklami ophumelele we-PH ovela eBarcelona, eSpain, wethule imiphumela yokuhlola evela ezindlini ezimbili ze-PH endaweni yakhe emcimbini we-2015 International PH Conference ukuze abhekane nezinkinga mayelana nokufaneleka kwePassive House ngesikhathi sehlobo laseMediteraNian. Iphrojekthi eyodwa yayiyindlela yokubuyisela indlu encane eyakhiwe ngo-1918 futhi itholakala enyakatho yeBarcelona. Ukubuyiselwa, okuhlelwe futhi kuholelwa ngabakhi abavela eCalderon Folch Sarsanedas, kwakuhilela ukwengeza ukuvikelwa odongeni, ophahleni, nasemhlabeni, kanye nokufaka amawindi amasha anokusebenza okuphezulu, aphansi kokukhishwa, kuhlanganisa ne-skylight enokuhlonza kwasentshonalanga ukuze kukhuphuke ukuthola ilanga ebusika. Isidingo sokushisa sehla kakhulu saphuma ku-171 kWh/m²a sibe ngu-17.5 kWh/m²a; kuhle kakhulu, indlu ayinayo i-air conditioning kodwa igcine izinga lokushisa elikhululekile.

Imiphumela efanayo yokukhululeka ibikwe ngabakhi uJosep Bunyesc noSilvia Prieto emcimbini we-2015 PHI ngokusekelwe ekuhloleni kwabo izindlu eziyisihlanu ze-PH enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeSpain—ezimbili eLleida nezintathu ePyrenees. Baphethe ukuthi kokubili ukwakhiwa okusha nokubuyiselwa, iPassive House kufanele ibe yinto ephoqelelwayo noma okungenani iwumgomo okhishwa amakhasimende ukuze bathole ukukhululeka, inzuzo yezezimali, kanye nempilo yomhlaba. Njengabakhi abaye basebenzisa indlela ye-PH kusukela ngo-2009 futhi babone imiphumela yayo emangalisayo, baphawula ukuthi bazothola kungokwenhlonipho ukuba baphinde babuyele kwezinye izindlela zokwakha.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Zemvula Ehlanganisiwe

U-Adam Cohen, umklami we-PH onolwazi kanye nomakhi eVirginia, ubheke phambili ekuzivumelaniseni nezimiso zePassive House ezimweni zemvula ehlanganisiwe. Ufeze izinto eziningi zokuqala ze-PH e-United States, kuhlanganisa nomklamo nokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esikhulu sokuhlangana esinokupheka kwezohwebo ngaphakathi kwe-thermal envelope, futhi, muva nje, ikliniki yezinyo.

Ngokwe-Cohen, okubaluleke kakhulu kulezi zimo zemvula ukunciphisa ukuthola ilanga okuqondile, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokushintsha lapho ukushisa okukhulu kungaba yinkinga enkulu. I-ventilator yokubuyisela amandla (ERV) yokunciphisa umswakama ongene esakhiweni ibalulekile, njengoba kubalulekile ukufaka umjikelezo wokupholisa ngaphambi kokufaka umswakama ku-ERV ukuze kwehliswe umthwalo we-latent kanye ne-sensible. Ekugcineni, abahlali besakhiwo badinga ukufundiswa ngokuphatha ukushisa okungaphakathi ezinyangeni ezishisayo ngokuvula izinhlelo zokuhlobisa ezingezona ezizenzekelayo futhi mhlawumbe ukunciphisa ukupheka okude noma imithwalo yokuxhuma, njengoba izakhiwo zePassive House zigcina ukushisa futhi ukupholisa kobusuku ezimweni zemvula akuvamile ukuba kusebenze.

Ukucabangela Izimo Zesimo Esithambile

Ezindaweni ezinomoya othambile, lapho izidingo zokushisa nezokupholisa zingancishiswa ngempela nge-Passive House envelope, kuvela izinselelo ezihlukile. Ukuhlanganisa ukuhamba komoya nokwabiwa kokushisa nezokupholisa kungadala izinzuzo zokonga isikhala. Nokho, njengoba ukuhamba komoya kuvame ukufuna ukuhamba komoya okuphezulu kunezokupholisa, le ndlela iletha izinselelo ezithile.

I-One Sky Homes, inkampani yokwakha/ukwakha eCalifornia, ibhengele izixazululo ezintsha. Ekuvuselelweni kwabo kwekhaya eSunnyvale, bafake kokubili i-heat recovery ventilator (HRV) kanye ne-mini-split heat pump ezihlanganyela ukuhlinzeka ngomoya omusha kanye nomoya opholile ezindaweni ezivamile. Esikhundleni sokufaka noma iyiphi imishini, izindlela zisebenza njengezikhala zokuhlinzeka ukuze zithumele umoya ezindlini zokulala. Ukuhamba okuqhubekayo kwemifanekiso yokukhipha umoya enezinga eliphansi enezinjini ezisebenza kahle (ECMs) kusiza ukuheha umoya omusha, opholile ezindlini zokulala. Ukuqapha ikhwalithi yomoya yangaphakathi nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kuqinisekisile ukusebenza kahle kwale ndlela.

Ukuphathwa KweMvula Ezindaweni EzineMvula

Ezindaweni ezine mvula, njengePacific Northwest ye-United States, ukuphathwa kwamanzi okukhulu kuba yindaba ebalulekile kuzo zonke izakhiwo, kuhlanganise nePassive Houses. Isikrini semvula esiventile, esihlinzeka ngendawo lapho amanzi okukhulu angachithwa noma apholile, esibekwe ngaphakathi nje kwe-siding yangaphandle siba yinto ebalulekile kulezi zindawo. Abasebenzi bePassive House sebezifundile ukuhlanganisa le mpahla ne-insulation yangaphandle edingekayo.

I-assembly yodonga yangaphandle evamile kulezi zindawo ifaka, ukusuka ngaphandle ukuya ngaphakathi, i-siding yangaphandle, isikhala se-vented rain screen esakhiwe ngama-batten abamba indawo ibhande elivikelayo elingangeni manzi phezu kwe-insulation yangaphandle, futhi ekugcineni udonga lwe-stud. Abanye abakhi basebenzise i-sheathing yangaphandle efakwe uwoyela, njengoba ingasebenza njengebhande elingangeni manzi kanye nebhande lomoya uma izixhumi zayo zivaliwe kahle.

Ukuventilisa Okuthile Ngemvelo

Uhlelo lokuhambisa umoya kufanele lwenziwe ngokuqonda isimo sezulu sendawo. Ezindaweni ezibandayo, ukusebenza kahle kokubuyiselwa kokushisa kwe-HRV kufanele kube okungenani ama-80 percent, kanti ezindaweni ezithambile ezibandayo, ukusebenza kahle okuncane kungase kwehle kube ama-75 percent. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenzisa i-ERV kungase kudingeke ezindaweni ezibandayo ukuze kugcinwe amazinga okuphila ngaphakathi afanele ngesikhathi sebusika, njengoba umoya opholile ophumayo uvamise ukuba namazinga aphansi kakhulu okuphila.

Ezindaweni ezithambile kakhulu, lapho amawindi angavuleka khona cishe unyaka wonke, imibuzo kwesinye isikhathi ivela mayelana nokubaluleka kokuhambisa umoya. Ucwaningo lwakamuva ezindaweni zaseNew Zealand ezinezimo zezulu ezithambile luhlola le mibuzo ezindlini eziyi-15 ezindaweni ezintathu zezimo zezulu. Lezi zakhiwo zihlolwe ukuze zibone ukuthi zivalekile kahle futhi zihlolwe amazinga okungcola ngaphakathi. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi ngisho nezindlu ezivulekile kakhulu azizange ziqinisekise ikhwalithi yomoya ophakathi, njengoba amazinga okungcola axhomeke kakhulu ezimweni zomoya zansuku zonke. Lolu cwaningo luqinisekisa lokho okubonwe abaninzi: ukuvuza okungahleliwe endaweni yokwakha akuhlinzeki isiqinisekiso sokuphila komoya ophakathi okunempilo.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwekhwalithi Yomoya Wangaphakathi

Kuwo wonke amazinga okushisa, ikhwalithi yomoya wangaphakathi kumele ibhekwane ngokuqinile. Ngisho nangokuhamba komoya okuqhubekayo okulethela umoya omusha esakhiweni sePassive House, zonke izinkinga zokukhwalithi yomoya wangaphakathi zingase zingaxazululeki. Emakhaya anomoya opholile, ukusebenzisa izinto zokwakha ezine-toxicity encane kuba kubaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngezinto ezinezindawo ezinkulu zomoya wangaphakathi, njengamafulethi aphakathi nendawo.

Uma usebenzisa ukhuni olwenziwe, cabanga ngemikhiqizo enezinga eliphansi le-formaldehyde noma engena-formaldehyde kokubili amafulethi namakhabhinethi. ICalifornia Air Resources Board (CARB) igcina uhlu lwemikhiqizo yokhuni ehambisana nezidingo; ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi ukukhetha le mikhiqizo kunganciphisa amazinga e-formaldehyde wangaphakathi ngaphezu kuka-40 percent.

Ukuhamba komoya okuphekiwe kubonisa izinselelo ezithile ezindlini zePassive House. Ngenkathi indlela ye-PH ithatha ukuthi umoya ususwa endaweni yokupheka, ayichazi ngokuqondile i-range hood. Nokho, ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi le ndlela ingaholela ekukhwalithini okuphansi komoya wangaphakathi, kuye ngedizayini yesistimu yokuhamba komoya nokuthi i-cooktop isebenzisa igesi, ugesi, noma i-induction.

Ukuze kuthathwe kahle ukungcoliswa okuhlobene nokupheka—kokubili imikhiqizo yokushisa kanye nezinsalela nezinto ezikhiqizwayo ngesikhathi sokupheka—i-range hood egxile phezu kwesitofu, ehlanganisa zonke izikhwama zokushisa, futhi inikeza u-100 kuya ku-200 cubic feet (2.83–5.66 m³) ngomzuzu wokuhamba komoya okhethekile kuyasiza. Ama-hood anomumo ophansi awasebenzi kahle ekuthatheni izinkanyezi zokungcolisa uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezine-shape ye-conical.

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Noma iyiphi indlela yokushisa, izibonelo manje zikhona emhlabeni wonke ezikhombisa ukuphumelelisa izimiso zePassive House. Ukwamukelwa kwalezi zimiso emhlabeni jikelele kuqhubeka nokukhula, kukhombisa ukuthi ngokulungiswa okufanele nokwaziswa kwezimo zendawo, ukwakhiwa kwePassive House kungahlinzeka ngodumo olukhulu, izinzuzo zempilo, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla emhlabeni wonke.