Ukusebenzisa Imithetho yePassive House kwiMimandla eDifferent

Njengoko umgangatho we-Passive House wamazwe ngamazwe us spread ukusuka eJamani uye kwiindawo zonke zehlabathi, imibuzo inexabiso ivela malunga nokuba lo mgangatho uyasebenza kangakanani kwiimeko zexesha ezahlukeneyo nezivela kwiimeko ezipholileyo, eziphakathi. I-Passive House Institute (PHI) ibekela ingqalelo uphando olukhulu kule mbuzo kwaye yenza utshintsho xa kuyimfuneko, njengokulungisa umgangatho we-PH wesintu ukuze uthathele ingqalelo umngcipheko owongezelelweyo wokunciphisa umswakama kwiimeko ezinomswakama. Iindawo ezininzi neenhlangano ziye zanikela uphando oluninzi kwi mveliso kunye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezine-energi ephantsi kakhulu kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iimfuno ze-Passive House ezikhethekileyo ziye zaphuhliswa njengempendulo kwiingxaki malunga nokukhetheka kwemozulu kwemigangatho ye-PH yamazwe ngamazwe.

Nangona le miba ibalulekile, ukuqonda kwemigaqo ye-Passive House, ethe ngqo isekwe kwi-physics yokwakha, kubalulekile ekwakhiweni okanye ekuphuculeni kwezakhiwo eziphezulu. Ngokuqinisekileyo, njengoko indlela ye-PH is spread emhlabeni jikelele, itshintshile ingxoxo malunga nokuba yintoni enokufezekiswa ngempahla ephezulu. Izakhiwo ze-Passive House ezakhiwe kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo—ikakhulu ezi ziqhutywe kwaye iziphumo zazo zashicilelwa—zinika ubungqina obungenakuphikiswa bokuphumelela kwale ndlela. Oku kuthethwa, almost nayiphi na projekthi ye-PH—ikakhulu ezi ziqhutywe ngababukeli be-PH abaqala—ingabhekwa kumgangatho othile njengovavanyo lwezobunjineli bokwakha, kwaye abaqhubi abanolwazi oluninzi kwiimeko ezithile banika iingcebiso ezixabisekileyo kubagqirha abatsha.

Izisombululo zeMeteo yeMidlalo

UMicheel Wassouf, umphuhlisi ophumelelayo we-PH ovela eBarcelona, eSpain, wethule iziphumo zokuhlola ezivela kwiindawo ezimbini ze-PH kwindawo yakhe kwiNkomfa ye-International PH ka-2015 ukuze aphendule imibuzo malunga nokufaneleka kwePassive House kwihlobo laseMediterranean. Iprojekthi eyodwa yayiyinguqulelo yejoliso lekhaya elincinci elakhiwe okokuqala ngo-1918 kwaye likwi mntla yeBarcelona. Le nguqulo, eyacwangciswa kwaye yaphathwa ngababonisi bezakhiwo abakwiCalderon Folch Sarsanedas, ibandakanya ukufaka i-insulation kwiindonga, uphahla, kunye neplanga, kunye nokufaka iifestile ezintsha ezisebenza kakuhle, ezine-low-emissivity, kuquka ne-skylight enokubhekiswa kumazantsi-ntshona ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwanda kokufumana ilanga kwihlabathi. Umnqweno wokufudumeza wehla kakhulu ukusuka kwi-171 kWh/m²a ukuya kwi-17.5 kWh/m²a; ngokumangalisayo, le ndlu ayinayo i-air conditioning kodwa igcine iithemperature ezonwabisayo.

Iziphumo ezifanayo zokunethezeka zaphawulwa ngababonisi bezakhiwo uJosep Bunyesc noSilvia Prieto kwiNkomfa ye-PHI ka-2015 ngokusekelwe kwiinkcukacha zabo zokuhlola kwiindawo ezi-5 ze-PH kwi-mntla mpuma yeSpain—ezibini eLleida kunye nezintathu kwiPyrenees. Baphumelele ukuba kwiindawo ezintsha kunye neenguqulelo, iPassive House kufuneka ibe yinto ephoqelelayo okanye okungenani umgangatho ophakanyisiweyo abathengi abafuna ukuze bathole ukunethezeka, inzuzo yezoqoqosho, kunye nempilo yeMhlaba. Njengababonisi bezakhiwo abaye basebenzisa indlela ye-PH ukusukela ngo-2009 kwaye babone iziphumo zayo ezimangalisayo, baphawula ukuba baya kufumanisa ukuba akukwazi ngokomoya ukubuyela kwiindlela zokuyila ezahlukeneyo.

Ukulungisa kwiMimandla eMixube yeMvula

U-Adam Cohen, umphuhlisi ophumelelayo we-PH kunye nomphuhlisi eVirginia, ubekhokela ekulungiseni imigaqo yePassive House kwiimimandla ezixubileyo zeemvula. Ufezekisile iindawo ezininzi ze-PH zokuqala eUnited States, kuquka uyilo kunye nokuqhubekeka kokwakha isakhiwo esikhulu sokuhlangana esinekhitshi yezeMali ngaphakathi kwendawo yokufudumeza, kwaye, kutshanje, iklinikhi yeendlebe.

Ngokutsho kukaCohen, into ebaluleke kakhulu kwiimimandla eziyimvula kukunciphisa ukufumana ilanga ngqo, ngakumbi ngexesha leemozulu ezitshintshayo xa ukufudumala kungaba yinkxalabo enkulu. I-ventilator yokuphinda ifumane amandla (ERV) yokunciphisa umswakama ongene esakhiweni ibalulekile, njengoko kubalulekile ukufaka umjikelo wokupholisa ngaphambi kokufudumeza kunye nokupholisa umswakama kwi-ERV ukuze kuncitshiswe umthwalo ophumayo kunye nomthwalo obonakalayo. Ekugqibeleni, abahlali besakhiwo badinga imfundo malunga nokulawula ukufumana ubushushu ngaphakathi ngexesha leenyanga ezishushu ngokuvula iinkqubo zokuthintela ezingenayo umphumo kwaye mhlawumbi kuncitshiswe ukutya okuphosa ixesha elide okanye umthwalo weplagi, njengoko iindawo zePassive House zigcina ubushushu kwaye ukupholisa kobusuku kwiimimandla ezinemvula akuvamile ukuba kusebenze.

Iimeko zeMoya ezithambileyo

Kwiimeko zeemoya ezithambileyo, apho umthwalo wokulungisa indawo unokuncitshiswa ngombhobho wePassive House, izaziso ezahlukeneyo ziveliswa. Ukudibanisa iindlela zokuhambisa umoya kunye nezokulungisa indawo kunokwakha iinzuzo zokugcina indawo. Nangona kunjalo, kuba ukulungisa indawo ngokubanzi kudinga ukuhamba komoya okuphezulu kunezokuhambisa umoya, le ndlela ibonisa izaziso ezisemgangathweni.

I-One Sky Homes, inkampani yokuyila/ukwakha eCalifornia, ibenokuhlola izisombululo ezintsha. Kwikhaya labo leSunnyvale, bafaka umphosa wokubuyisela ubushushu (HRV) kunye ne-mini-split heat pump ezihlanganisayo ezibonelela ngomoya omtsha kunye nomoya ophelileyo kwiindawo ezijolise kuyo. Endaweni yokufaka ombane kumphosa, iiholo zisebenza njengeplenum yokuhambisa umoya kwiigumbi zokulala. Iifeni zokukhupha umoya ezisebenza ngokuqhubekayo, ezineemoto ezisebenza ngogcino (ECMs) zihlala zikhupha umoya omtsha, ophelileyo kwiigumbi zokulala. Ukulawula umgangatho womoya ongaphakathi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemveliso kuqinisekisile ukusebenza kwale ndlela.

Ulawulo lweMvula kwiNdawo ezineMvula

Kwiindawo ezineemvula, ezifana nePacific Northwest yeUnited States, ulawulo lwamanzi olukhulu luba yimbambano ebalulekileyo kwiindawo zonke, kubandakanywa neZindlu eziPhumlayo. Isikhumbuzo semvula esivulekileyo, esinika umjoliso apho umswakama omkhulu ungachitheka okanye uphume, ubekwe ngaphakathi nje kwe-siding yangaphandle, siba yinto ebalulekileyo kwiindawo ezinjalo. Abasebenzi beZindlu eziPhumlayo baye baphucula ubuchule bokuhlanganisa le mveliso kunye ne-insulation yangaphandle efunekayo.

Isethi yeendonga zangaphandle ezivamile kwiindawo ezinjalo ibandakanya, ukusuka ngaphandle ukuya ngaphakathi, i-siding yangaphandle, umgca wesikhumbuzo semvula ovulekileyo owenziwe ngama-battens abamba indawo ye-barrier yokuthintela imozulu phezu kwe-insulation yangaphandle, kwaye ekugqibeleni udonga lwe-stud. Abanye abakhi basebenzise i-sheathing yangaphandle efakwe i-wax, njengoko ingasebenza njenge-barrier yokuthintela imozulu kunye ne-barrier yomoya xa iindawo zayo zivalwe ngokupheleleyo.

UkuVentilisa kweMeko yeMvula

Umgca wokuhambisa umoya kufuneka udizayinelwe umphakathi wesimo sezulu. Kwiimeko ezibandayo, ukusebenza kokufumana ubushushu kwe-HRV kufuneka kube okungenani kwiipesenti ezingama-80, ngelixa kwiimeko ezibandayo ezithambileyo, ukusebenza okuncinane kungaphantsi kwe-75 percent. Ngaphezu koko, ukusebenzisa i-ERV kungase kudingeke kwiimeko ezibandayo ukuze kugcinwe umswakama ophakathi kokufaneleka ngexesha lehlobo, njengoko umoya opholileyo ophumayo ngokubanzi unomswakama ophantsi kakhulu.

Kwiimeko ezithambileyo kakhulu, apho iifestile zingahlala zivulekile phantse unyaka wonke, imibuzo ngamanye amaxesha ivela malunga nokubaluleka kokuhambisa umoya. Uphononongo olutsha kwiindawo zeNew Zealand ezineemeko ezithambileyo lujolise kule mbuzo kwiindawo ezi-15 kwiindawo ezintathu zeemeko zezulu. Ezi zindlu zaphandwa ukuze ziqinisekiswe ukuba azinamanzi kwaye zihlolwe umgangatho wezinto ezichaphazela umoya. Iziphumo zaveza ukuba nokuba iikhaya ezivulekileyo kakhulu azizange ziqinisekise umgangatho omhle womoya ophakathi, njengoko umgangatho wezinto ezichaphazela umoya uxhomekeke kakhulu kwiimeko zomoya zansuku zonke. Olu phando luqinisekisa oko abaninzi abanye bejolise: ukuvuza okungafanelekanga kwi-envelop ye-bhodi akuhambelani nempilo yomoya ophakathi.

Ukuqwalaselwa kweMoya yangaphakathi

Kuwo onke amaxhoba, umgangatho womoya wangaphakathi kufuneka ubhekiswe ngokuqinisekileyo. Nokuba kukho umoya omtsha oza kwiimeko zePassive House, zonke iingxaki zomgangatho womoya wangaphakathi zingase zingaxazulwanga. Kwiindawo ezivalekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zokwakha ezingabizi kakhulu kubaluleke kakhulu, ngakumbi kwiimathiriyeli ezinephezulu enkulu yomoya wangaphakathi, njengemigangatho kuyo yonke indlu.

Xa usebenzisa wood engqinelanayo, qwalasela iimveliso ezine-formaldehyde ephantsi okanye ezingenayo i-formaldehyde kwiimigangatho nakwiikhabhathi. ICalifornia Air Resources Board (CARB) igcina uluhlu lweemveliso z wood ezihambelana nemigaqo; uphando lukhombisile ukuba ukhetho lwezi mveliso lunganciphisa iimeko ze-formaldehyde yangaphakathi ngaphezu kwe-40 percent.

Ukwakhiwa komoya kwiikhitshi kubonisa imingeni ethile kwiindawo zePassive House. Nangona indlela ye-PH ithatha ukuba umoya uveliswa kwiindawo zokupheka, ayichazi ngokucacileyo i-range hood. Nangona kunjalo, uphando lukhombisa ukuba le ndlela ingaholela kumgangatho ombi womoya wangaphakathi, kuxhomekeka kumyili wesistim ye-mechanical kunye nokuba i-cooktop isebenzisa igesi, ugesi, okanye induction.

Ukuze kukhishwe ngokufanelekileyo iimpembelelo ezinxulumene nokupheka—kokubini iimpembelelo zokutshisa kunye neeparticulate kunye neekhemikhali eziveliswa ngexesha lokupheka—i-range hood egxile phezu kwesitovu, efaka zonke i-burners, kwaye ibonelela ngama-cubic feet angama-100 ukuya kuma-200 (2.83–5.66 m³) ngomzuzu wokuhamba komoya okukhankanyiweyo kuyacetyiswa. Iihudi ezinephezulu ezijolise phantsi azisebenzi kakuhle ekufumaneni iimpembelelo zeplume xa kuthelekiswa nemikhosi eyenziwe ngokuqhelekileyo.

Nangona kungakhathaliseki uhlobo lwezulu, imizekelo ngoku ikhona kwihlabathi jikelele ebonisa ukuphumeza ngempumelelo iindlela zePassive House. Ukwamkelwa kwezi ndlela kumhlaba wonke kuyaqhubeka kukhula, kuqinisekisa ukuba ngokuqwalasela okufanelekileyo kunye nokuqonda iimeko zendawo, uyilo lwePassive House lunganika induduzo engalunganga, iinzuzo zempilo, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kwiimeko ezininzi zomhlaba.