Iimfuno zePassive House (PH) ziye zaphuculwa kakhulu ukusukela ekuqalisweni kwazo yiPassive House Institute (PHI) eDarmstadt, eJamani. Okwaqala njengemodeli eyodwa, ecacileyo, sekuye kwanda kwaba ngumbono ohlukeneyo wezikhumbuzo zokusebenza ezilungiselelwe iimeko ezahlukeneyo, iintlobo zokwakha, kunye nemithombo yamandla. Le miphumela ibonisa ubunzima obukhulayo kunye neenjongo eziphakamileyo zokuyila iindawo zokwakha ezine-enerji ephantsi, ngelixa kugcinwa iinjongo ezisisiseko zokungena komoya, induduzo ye-thermal, kunye nokusebenza kwamandla.

Ukusuka kwiClassic ukuya kwiPlus kunye nePremium

Imigangatho yePassive House yokuqala—ngoku ibizwa ngokuba yi "Classic" PH standard—ijolise kwiimeko ezithile ezibalulekileyo: umthwalo wokufudumeza nokupholisa, ukungena komoya, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-enerji ye-prime. Le migangatho ibeka umda kwiindawo zokwakha ezisebenza kakuhle:

• Umthwalo wokufudumeza okanye wokupholisa ≤ 10 W/m², okanye
• Umthwalo wokufudumeza okanye wokupholisa ngonyaka ≤ 15 kWh/m²
• Ukungena komoya ≤ 0.6 ACH50
• Umthwalo we-Primary Energy Renewable (PER) ≤ 60 kWh/m²/year

Njengoko ukuqonda kwethu kwiinkqubo zamandla kwanda kwaye amandla aphinda avuselelwe aba lula ukufikelela, i-PHI y introducing izigaba ezintsha ezimbini:

• PH Plus: Umthwalo we-PER ≤ 45 kWh/m²/year, kunye ≥ 60 kWh/m²/year yokwenziwa kwamandla avuselelweyo kwi-site
• PH Premium: Umthwalo we-PER ≤ 30 kWh/m²/year, kunye ≥ 120 kWh/m²/year yokwenziwa kwamandla avuselelweyo kwi-site

Le mikhakha mitsha ikhuthaza iindawo zokwakha ukuba zingabi nje zisebenza kakuhle kumandla, kodwa zibe nemveliso yamandla—ikhombisa indlela yokufikelela kumphumo we-net-zero weqiniso.

EnerPHit: Imigangatho yeMiphakathi yeRetrofit

Ukuphucula iindawo ezikhoyo kwiimeko zePassive House kubangela imingeni eyahlukileyo—ikakhulu ekwenzeni iindawo ezindala zibe ne-air-tight kwaye zikhululeke kwiithala ze-thermal. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe oku, i-PHI yaphuhlisa umgangatho EnerPHit, onendlela ezimbini zokuhambelana:

1. Indlela yeComponent: Sebenzisa iindawo ezikhankanyiweyo ze-PHI ezilungiselelwe iindawo zeemozulu ezithile (ezisixhenxe ukuphela, ukusuka kwi-Arctic ukuya kwiindawo ezishushu kakhulu).
2. Indlela yeDemand-Based: Hlangabezana neemfuno zokusebenzisa amandla kunye ne-air-tightness ezifana nomgangatho weClassic, kodwa zilungiswe kwiimeko ezikhoyo (umzekelo, umnqweno wokufudumeza phakathi kwe-15–35 kWh/m²/unyaka kunye ne-air-tightness ≤ 1.0 ACH50).

Iinkcukacha ezithile zeemozulu ziquka imida yokufumana ilanga (umzekelo, i-100 kWh/m² yeendawo zeefestile kwiimeko zokupholisa) kunye neemfuno zebhodi yemibala yeendawo ezikwiindawo ezishushu, apho i-coatings "ezipholileyo" ezikhanyayo zihlala zifuneka.

PHIUS: Indlela yeSithili yeNyakatho Melika

Ngaphesheya koMlambo, Passive House Institute US (PHIUS) iphuhlise indlela yayo. Iphumelele ukuba umgangatho omnye wehlabathi awusebenzi kwiimeko zonke, i-PHIUS yadala iindawo ezithile zeemozulu, ezilungiselelwe iindleko usebenzisa i-BEOPT (isixhobo seMnyango wezeMali wase-US). Ezi ndawo—ezibandakanya ~1,000 zeendawo zaseNyakatho Melika—zibandakanya:

• Umthwalo wokufudumeza/ukupholisa wonyaka kunye neepik
• I-simulations yokusebenza kokufuma usebenzisa WUFI Passive
• Ukungena komoya okuqinisekileyo: ≤ 0.08 CFM75/ft² yeendawo ze-envelop

Zonke iiprojekthi ezikhankanyiweyo ze-PHIUS+ zifumaneka kwi-quality assurance yeqela lesithathu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukusebenza kuqinisekiswa ngexesha lokwakha.

Ukuguqulwa eSweden naseMhlabeni

Amanye amazwe akhe izindinganiso zawo ezikhuthazwe yi-PH. ESweden, iForum for Energy Efficient Building (FEBY) ithuthukise izikhombisi ezithile zendawo. Ngokwesibonelo:

• ENingizimu yeSweden ihambisana kakhulu nezincazelo ze-PHI.
• ENorthern Sweden ivumela ukushisa okuphezulu (kuze kube yi-14 W/m²) nezinga lokushintshanisa komoya elihambisana nemithetho yasendaweni, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokuhambisa umoya azikhatheleki.

Ezindaweni ezinzima, abaklami kumele baphendule ngaphezulu. Umsebenzi ka-Architekt Thomas Greindl osemva kwe-Arctic Circle—usebenzisa ukwakhiwa okungelona uwoyela kanye nabafundi bezemfundo ukuze basebenze—ukhombisa ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwendawo nokuqeqeshwa okusebenzayo kungenza iPassive House ifinyeleleke futhi ibe ne-ecological.

Izifundo Zomhlaba Nezinqumo Zasendaweni

Kusukela ku-Minergie-P yeSwitzerland kuya ezincazelweni ezilungiswe ngokwemvelo ze-PHIUS, ukuthuthuka kweziqinisekiso zePassive House kukhombisa ukuthi imodeli etholakalayo "eyodwa iyahambelana nayo yonke" ayihlali ifezekile. Izinga elihle lephrojekthi ngokuvamile lincike ku:

• Isimo sezulu sendawo kanye nomongo wamandla
• Izindlela zokwakha nezinto
• Izinhloso zokusebenza kanye nezimiso zamakhasimende

Ngenkathi isikhombisi se-PHI sinomlando omude kakhulu kanye nokwamukelwa okukhulu emhlabeni, ukwanda kokwehluka kwezindinganiso kukhombisa umgomo owabelwe: ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kakhulu ngenkathi kudalwa izakhiwo ezikhululekile, eziqine, nezilungele ikusasa.

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Noma ngabe ubuyisela i-bungalow ye-1950s noma udizayina ibhlogo ye-apartment ethuthukile, izindinganiso zePassive House eziqhubekayo zinikeza indlela yokuphila okuqhubekayo—eziguquguqukayo, eziqhutshwa yisayensi, futhi ezihambelana nomhlaba wonke.